ࡱ> O''&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&''_ A bjbj,E,E "N/N/4h$r"(p(((DPG$Hl$T 9HHD@DHH ((F:V:V:VHpl((:VH:V:V\,(iL^ \0)^UJCHH:VHHHHH  :VHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH :  Irrigation Methods Selection Level-II Based on March 2022,  Version 3 Occupational standard Module Title: IRRIGATION METHODS SELECTION LG Code: AGR IRD1 M11 LO (1-2) LG (1-2) TTLM Code: AGR IRD1 TTLM 0822v1 August, 2022 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Table of Contents  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306058" Introduction to the module  PAGEREF _Toc113306058 \h ii  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306059" LO#1-Practice indigenous irrigation methods  PAGEREF _Toc113306059 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306060" Instruction sheet  PAGEREF _Toc113306060 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306061" Information Sheet 1  PAGEREF _Toc113306061 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306062" Self-check 1  PAGEREF _Toc113306062 \h 17  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306063" LO#2. Irrigation Method  PAGEREF _Toc113306063 \h 19  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306064" Instruction sheet 2  PAGEREF _Toc113306064 \h 19  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306065" Information Sheet 2  PAGEREF _Toc113306065 \h 21  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306066" Self-Check 2  PAGEREF _Toc113306066 \h 46  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306067" Operation Sheet -2  PAGEREF _Toc113306067 \h 49  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306068" LAP TEST-2  PAGEREF _Toc113306068 \h 50  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc113306069" Reference Materials  PAGEREF _Toc113306069 \h 51  Introduction to the module This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitude required to gathering of relevant information and Select appropriate Irrigation Method. Irrigation is defined as the science of artificially providing water to the land in accordance with the "crop requirement" throughout the "crop period" for the complete nourishment of the plant. Nutrients may also be provided to the crops through irrigation. The various sources of water for irrigation are wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-wells and even dams. Irrigation offers moisture required for growth and development, germination and other related functions to crop. The frequency, rate, amount and time of irrigation are different for different crops and also vary according to the  HYPERLINK "https://byjus.com/biology/types-of-soil/" types of soil and seasons. For example, summer crops require a higher amount of water as compared to winter crops. Irrigation can be classified in to two based on application of water to the crop:- Surface Irrigation:- is the application of water to the fields at ground level so that Either the entire field is flooded or the water is directed into furrows or borders. Surface irrigation can be furrow, border, basin, flooding, etc. Sub-surface Irrigation:- is type of irrigation system which uses a network of polyethylene pipes located just under the ground's surface to apply water in the root zone of plants with minimizing runoff. LG#1 LO#1-Practice indigenous irrigation methods  Instruction sheetThis learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage and topics: Introduction to the module Indigenous irrigation practices Gather information Soil data collection This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to: Gather information on Indigenous practice irrigation method Discus with target group on irrigation practices Collect soil data using standard guide linesLearning Instructions: Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide. Follow the instructions described below. Read the information written in the information Sheets Accomplish the Self-checks Perform Operation Sheets Do the LAP test  Information Sheet 1 1.1 Indigenous irrigation practices Irrigation means the watering of land to make it ready for agriculture.It is the process of application of water to HYPERLINK "https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/crop-production-and-management/types-of-crops/" cropsthrough artificial channels to grow them. Water is vital for the growth of plants. And, there can be no plants or crops if they do not have access to water in some form. It is, thus, crucial to supply water to crops and HYPERLINK "https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/diversity-in-living-organisms/plant-kingdom/" plantsin time as per their need. The supply of water to plants comes from variouswater resources. For example,wells, ponds, lakes, canals,  HYPERLINK "https://www.toppr.com/guides/geography/water-resources/" dams and reservoirs. Indigenous methods of irrigation involve different ways of obtaining water from wells, lakes, and canals and transporting it to fields with the help of cattle or by human lab our. In the Indigenous irrigation methods, there was no source to easily water the crops and required to dig up well which was also a difficult task. The artificial water tanks were not helpful either due to their location. The advantage of the indigenous irrigation method is that it wascost-effective and easy. Traditionally, water for irrigation can be sourced from dams, lakes, rivers, wells, ponds, reservoirs, canals or tube-wells, among HYPERLINK "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-solutions-soil-pollution.php" \t "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/_self" various other sources. However, the time, amount of water required, rate and frequency of watering are dependent on several factors. Some of them include the type of crop, types of soil, and the season. For instance, crops grown in the summer require a lot more water compared to those grown in the winter. Irrigation is also applied to areas that are geographically not friendly to growing crops, such as dry regions. It helps in growing the plants in areas that would otherwise not support such growth. The traditional methods of irrigation include the following: Check Basin Method. Furrow Irrigation Method. Strip Irrigation Method. Basin Irrigation Method. 1.2. Gather information Irrigation development in Ethiopia is uncoordinated and promoted with very limited information on the irrigation potential and performance of the existing irrigation schemes. The sub-sector lacks reliable information due to lack of systematic data collection, poorly organized and analyzed data,weak documentation, poor reporting, and inconsistent and fragmented scheme inventory. Even the inaccurate information or irrigation planning anddevelopmentisnoteasilyaccessed. Significant investments have been made in irrigation development with only very scant data on locations, details of the investment and any type of assessment of the performance of the investments. As the current situation stands, much is not known about the amount of water abstracted for agriculture and portion of the abstracted water lost due to poor water management practices. Even theirrigatedareas at different scales, mainly under community-managed irrigation schemes, are not accurately known and hence the contributionof irrigated agriculturetothe national GDP. Data on irrigation are meager, inconsistent and found scattered and are usually unable to provide the required basic information for appropriate planning. Due to the lack of central database and decision-support system (DSS), the authenticity and integrity of such data has been in question at times. Appropriate information is a pre-requisite for improving the management of Irrigation systems. Developing quality-data collection system was among the top priority areas that the government wanted to address during the First and the Second Growth and Transformation Plans (GTP I & II). Hence, in response to the request of the Government to support the development of National Irrigation Water Management Information System (MIS) and capacity building in data management (data collection analysis and dissemination), FAO has been implementing a TCP project for establishing Web-based National Irrigation Database and Water Management Information System. The objective of the project is to develop a web-based irrigation information system and build the capacity of relevant government stakeholders at all levels to enable monitor the performance and status of irrigation schemes and make informed decisions. The informations included in irrigation work are the followings as shown below:- area under irrigation agricultural water use irrigated crops Socio-economics investment and operationcosts,and environmentaland health issues associated with irrigation Irrigation is the process of watering crops, pasture, and plants by the use of water, which is supplied through pipes, sprinklers, canals, sprays, pumps and other man-made features, rather than purely relying on rainfall. In other words, it is a method of an advanced watering system for helping plants to grow because it is applied as an alternative to rain-fed farming. It is also a technique of fulfilling plant or crop water requirements as they need it as an essential resource for growth. At the same time, it aids in providing plants with the nutrients required for development and growth, as well as achieving high yields by enabling the penetration of roots in the dry fields. Various Methods of Irrigation Manual Irrigation This is when water is distributed across the land through manual labor and watering cans. It is an ancient method of watering but is still used, especially in developing countries.  Figure 1.1: manual irrigation It is cheap but is very labor-intensive, and its efficiency is poor since there is an uneven distribution of water. Also, there are high chances of HYPERLINK "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-to-critical-problem-of-water-crisis.php" \t "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/_self" water loss and it is indigenous. The Sprinkler System It is a modern method of irrigation, and it uses sprinklers. A pump is connected to pipes that generate pressure and water is sprinkled through nozzles. They sprinkle water over the crops like raindrops, helping to achieve an even distribution of water. It is efficient and serves best in areas with unlimited water. The sprinklers can be set permanently, temporarily or can be mounted on a movable platform. In Libya and Saudi Arabia, for example, sprinkler irrigation is by far the most predominantly used.  HYPERLINK "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/hosepipe-irrigating-fields-farms.jpg" INCLUDEPICTURE \d "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/hosepipe-irrigating-fields-farms.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Figure 1.2: Sprinkler irrigation system. Unfortunately for the system, the water used has to be safe for animals and people, water distribution can be patchy, weeds get as much water as the crop, and can easily erode soils if the water pools. The Drip or Trickle System In a drip or trickle system, water is supplied drop by drop, directly to the roots, using a hosepipe. Drip irrigation is considered one of the most efficient methods of irrigation as it focuses the water onto the plant itself.  Figure 1.3: Drip irrigation It is also best suited for areas where there is a shortage of water. Drip irrigation can use any type of water, including HYPERLINK "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/astonishing-ways-to-recycle-water-at-home.php" \t "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/_self" recycled and non-potable water, on any type of soil and any climate. It minimizes HYPERLINK "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-soil-erosion.php" \t "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/_self" soil erosion, is energy- and cost-efficient and minimizes the growth of weeds as the water targets the crop itself. Subsurface Irrigation This is where irrigation water is applied below the soil subsurface. It can occur naturally or artificially. For the former, water leaks from the water pipes or channels, moving through the subsoil and irrigating the crops situated nearby. As for the latter, artificial water channels are provided underground and water is supplied to the crops through capillarity. It is a costly means of irrigation but provides high returns and higher profits.  Figure 1.4: Sub surface irrigation. Perennial Irrigation Irrigation water is diverted from a river to the main canal through the construction of a diversion weir. This is known as direct irrigation, as the water is going directly to the crops. If a dam is constructed and the water is collected and stored, this is referred to as storage irrigation. Direct irrigation is simple and the most economical form of perennial irrigation. 1.3. Soil data collection The soil data is collected on several ways: point data, map unit data, spatial data, and interpretative data. Point data describe a pedon profile, is site specific, and should represent what is typical about a particular soil. Map unit data is the information that describes the soil forming factors and includes, where different soil types are found on the landscape, the soils range in characteristics such as color and texture, and how they relate to each other, and topography, climate, vegetation, and geology. The spatial data consists of soil delineations and special features located on geo referenced ortho quadrangle base maps. The interpretative data consists of soil ratings and estimated properties that assist conservationists and land managers in making management decisions. Soil data is collected in many different ways such as point data, Map unit data, Spatial data and interpretative data, each soil scientist organizes data in a slightly different way. It is most important to collect data that will be useful and meaningful to the end users and to organize it in a way that others can understand. The methods described below are not revolutionary or complex, but have been found to work well for organizing data. Point data Point data or pedon descriptions are collected ideally from a soil pit. Soil pits are typically sixty to eighty inches (152 to 203 cm) deep, approximately five by six feet (1.5 to 2 m) wide, and large enough to be safe for one or two people to describe the soil profile. Point data can also be described from road cuts, auger holes, erosion cuts, or anywhere a soil profile is exposed. Caution should be used to ensure that the material you describe is naturally-occurring and not disturbed or fill material. The most important piece of information for the point data is the location coordinates. This can be in any format, but must be exact enough for other to locate. Some examples are Township, Range and Section, latitude and longitude, or Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), and proximity to major roads, rivers, towns, and cities. Data without a location become useless. The point data can be broken down into three categories: physical, chemical, and landscape. Physical properties: are described on site and describe the soil condition at a given time and place. Physical properties consist of texture, depth of horizons, structure, color, stickiness and plasticity, hardness, rock fragments, and depth to root restrictive layers. Chemical properties: can be described on site or later from laboratory analysis. There are Several tests that can be performed onsite for pH, calcium carbonate percentage, and Effervescence. More complex analyses of electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption rates (SAR), and gypsum content should be completed in a laboratory. It is also advised to calibrate field measurements against laboratory analysis. This can be completed for pH, particle size, calcium carbonate percentage, and mineralogy. Not all pedon descriptions need laboratory analysis, but it is a good science to sample several representative sites throughout the survey area to calibrate field estimations. Landscape and climatic properties are described on site. This information will establish the setting for the map unit. These properties include slope, accelerated erosion, landform, flooding potential, elevation, rainfall, air temperature, and soil temperature. Map Unit Data A map unit is a description of each delineation made on a soil map. It will describe where the unit is located on the landscape, the composition of the soils that are represented by the map unit, the characteristics of each soil present, and other resource information, such as ecological sites and land capability. Map unit data is collected through mapping observations, field notes, and transects. Transects are straight line traverses across soil delineations that are perpendicular to the drainages of the landscape and consist of ten evenly spaced holes/point data. For small delineations the spacing could be in feet and for large delineations in tenths of a mile. The information collected from transects is used to calculate the composition of the map unit including minor components and the range in characteristics for each soil. Field notes are used by soil scientists to record daily observations while mapping. The field notes are then incorporated into the map unit descriptions. Field notes can consist of observations for the range in characteristics, minor components (soils not named in the map unit), vegetation, erosion properties, and other unique properties of the map unit such as desert pavement, crust, and cracks. Again, all notes and transects need to have specific locations and coordinates. This can easily be done by tracking notes and transects on both aerial photos/field sheets and topographic maps. This way each field sheet (permanent record of soil delineations) will have the documentation collected recorded on the back and each document will belong to a specific field sheet. Spatial Data Spatial data is the information that is included on the maps including data layers and special features. Soil maps, at a minimum, should have the soil delineations and enough background features so that the user of the maps can quickly locate the areas of interest. Black and white rectified photography is commonly used for field sheets. Field sheets are the permanent hard copy record of the spatial data, which includes soil delineations, documentation, special features, acres mapped, and dates of completion. Special features can be any land or water features which are too small in extent to be easily expressed on soil maps, but are important to land management. Examples of special features could include springs, levees, major roads, stream.gravel pits, and severe erosional areas. The field sheets can be digitized either during or after a soil survey is completed. Interpretative Data Interpretative data can be collected from people who manage the land. An example would be crop yield information and range production. Other interpretative data are the result of estimates based on point data, such as available water content or erosion factors. The following is a list of some interpretative data: available water content, saturated hydraulic conductivity, K factor, factor, Wind Erosion Groups, shrink-swell potential, and hydrologic group. Another set of interpretative data uses point data to rate soils for specific uses. A rating system from good to severe lets users know of potential limitations associated with a specific use. This set of data is reported in tables and includes: recreational development, building site development, sanitary facilities, construction materials, water management, soil and water features. Before documentation begins, a filing system needs to be in place. Again this is unique to the soil scientist, but must be systematic, hopefully simple, and understandable to anyone dealing with the soil survey project. The following are simplified steps that occur in a progressive soil survey. 1. Collect all related resources including: topography maps, geology maps, historical mapping, precipitation and temperature information, stream flows, and, most important, good quality aerial photography. 2. Become familiar with the Memorandum of Understanding, the soil survey area, and begin mapping. 3. Create map units and add to the developmental legend. 4. Collect documentation. Log completed transects, field notes, and pedon descriptions on a spreadsheet format by map unit number and date and on field sheets or topographic maps. Place documentation in map unit folder; summarize range of characteristics. Establish type location. Complete database input sheets. Input data. Generate map unit descriptions and tables. Build descriptive legend of developmental map units, tables and soil maps. By soil staff and other resource specialists. 5. Map units must be approved by quality control and assurance staff before being added to the approved legend. The above steps are a continual process until mapping is completed. Remember to keep the descriptive legend and soil maps updated. The above steps are the process of a progressive soil survey. Before the process begins, you must know who and what information the end users will need, as specified in the Memorandum of Understanding. As a soil scientist begins to map, a legend begins to develop. A legend is simply a list of map units that includes soil names, and codes. In the early days of mapping a new survey area, the legend may exist only as numbers with generalized soil names or properties. Each piece of documentation is recorded on a spreadsheet by both map unit and date. It is sometimes helpful to color code documentation by year. Then, each piece of documentation is placed in a folder that represents that map unit; this is where the range in characteristics are built. A summary sheet for each soil collects the individual range in characteristics accumulated from the documentation for each map unit. When sufficient documentation has been collected, a type location is selected. A type location or typical pedonis the site data that best represents the soil for a particular map unit. The typical pedon will have the most typical characteristics of the named soil. The map unit can be written using the typical pedon and incorporating all of the data collected. The map unit description represents all areas where the unit occurs and is unique for the soil survey area. Information may vary due to the land managers' and conservationists' need for the soil survey. The following information is generally included in a soil map unit description: Setting - landform, slope range, elevation, mean annual precipitation, mean annual air and soil temperature, and frost-free period; Composition - including minor components; Typical Profile with location and coordinates - detailed description of each soil by horizon; Soil Properties and Qualities - classification, parent material, depth class, drainage class, permeability, available water capacity, runoff class, shrink-swell potential, seasonal water table depth, hydrologic group, land capability, ecological site, present vegetation, land resource unit, and major land resource area. The soil survey area is best represented if all the data collected is processed and included in the map unit descriptions. Self-check 1Written test Name ID Date. Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Test I: Short Answer Questions 1.What are traditional and modern methods of irrigation? 2.Why is irrigation essential how is it done using traditional methods? 3. How do you collect soil data? 4. which irrigation type is applied for sandy soil type area? 5. What are in formations needed to select specific irrigation method? Test II: Choose the best answer (5 point) Which one of the following criteria is needed to select irrigation method? Economy B. Topography C. Source of water availability D. Crop type E. all One of the following is way for collecting soil data? With map unit data B. by point data C. Survey D. Spatial data E. all Development of Irrigation in Ethiopia can be affected by Poorly organized information system B. inconsistent and fragmented scheme inventory. Improper water management practices D. All Which one of the following is traditional irrigation method? Furrow irrigation B. surface irrigation C. Basin irrigation D. Border irrigation. E. all Soil data information can be obtained from . Geological map B. Topography maps C. historical maps D. all LG#2LO#2. Irrigation Method Instruction sheet 2This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage and topics: Advantage and disadvantage of irrigation methods Irrigation method selection criteria Comparison of indigenous with conventional irrigation method This learning guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to: Identify irrigation method based on crop type and land use capability of the area. Selecting Irrigation method based on water source potential in agreement with water resource utilization policy. Determine land gradient of the command area using contour map Comparing chosen method with indigenous method in light of productivity. Learning Instructions: Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide. Follow the instructions described below. Read the information written in the information Sheets Accomplish the Self-checks Perform Operation Sheets Do the LAP test  Information Sheet 2  2.1. Advantage and disadvantage of irrigation methods Irrigationis the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural" \o "Agricultural" agriculturalprocess of applying controlled amounts of water to land to assist in the production of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crops" \o "Crops" cropsas well as to grow HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape" \o "Landscape" landscapeplants and lawns, where it may be known aswatering. Agriculture that does not use irrigation but instead relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfed_agriculture" \o "Rainfed agriculture" rain-fed. Irrigation has been a central feature of agriculture for over 5,000 years and has been developed independently by many cultures across the globe. Firstly, it enables growth and HYPERLINK "https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/photosynthesis-in-higher-plants/introduction-to-photosynthesis/" photosynthesisin Plants.Plants absorb minerals and nutrients from the HYPERLINK "https://www.toppr.com/guides/science/soil/types-of-soil-and-suitable-crops/" soilvia their roots. These minerals dissolve in the water present in the soil. Then the water transports these HYPERLINK "https://www.toppr.com/guides/science/nutrition-in-animals/introduction-to-nutrition/" nutrientsto all parts of the plant. In this way, it enables growth and photosynthesis. It provides the moisture that is crucial during the germination phase of the HYPERLINK "https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/plant-kingdom/plant-life-cycles-and-alternation-of-generations/" plants life cycle and it helps increase soil fertility by adding moisture to it. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revegetation" \o "Revegetation" revegetatedisturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop production, including frost protection,suppressing weed growth in grain fieldsand preventing HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_(soil)" \o "Consolidation (soil)" soil consolidation. Irrigation systems are also used for cooling HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock" \o "Livestock" livestock, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_suppression" \o "Dust suppression" dust suppression, disposal of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage" \o "Sewage" sewage, and in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_leaching" \o "Heap leaching" mining. Irrigation is often studied together with HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage" \o "Drainage" drainage, which is the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given location. Advantage of irrigation Act as supplementary for natural rainfall. Irrigation kicks in when there is insufficient rainfall or when there is uncertainty as to when the rain will fall. Without the rain or irrigation as the alternative, the crops are adversely affected, which can lead to a HYPERLINK "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/world-witnesses-worst-ever-food-crisis-triggered-covid-pandemic.php" \t "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/_self" food shortageor crop/plant failure. Increasing the Amount of Cultivatable or Agriculturally Productive Land Some areas of the world are dry, naturally. Irrigation has been responsible for turning such lands into cultivatable lands. Today, about HYPERLINK "https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/irrigation/" \t "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/_self" 18% of the worlds croplandis now irrigated. Irrigation is also responsible for bringing the most out of fallow lands, which are traditionally left idle after harvest, before the next cultivation season. Helps Meet Food Demands The expansion of irrigated land has made HYPERLINK "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/desert-biomes.php" \t "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/_self" desert ecosystems, such as Jordan and Israel, adopt farming to boost food demands without necessarily depending on rain. Such areas use HYPERLINK "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-groundwater-pollution.php" \t "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/_self" groundwaterfrom wells and aquifers and in doing so, it enables them to meet the worlds demand for food by producing food crops such as cereals, potatoes, and vegetables. Furthermore, countries and regions that practice top-level and large-scale irrigation, are best known for exporting food, which brings an economic advantage to such a region or country. Increased Productivity Irrigation, by default and in many instances, is employed when rainfall is insufficient. However, it can be applied at any time, even if there is sufficient rainfall to boost crop productivity.  HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377416303286" \t "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/_self" According to a publication by Olayide,Tetteh, and Popoola (2016) on climate-smart agriculture, crop productivity on irrigated land is higher than in the un-irrigated areas, which primarily rely on rainfall. Enables Multiple Cropping In most tropical countries, the rainy seasons are specific, making it impossible to grow multiple crops at the same time. Moreover, their water requirements are different, and over-irrigation spoils the crop production. Optimum irrigation makes it possible to grow more than one crop at a time in most areas of a country. Contribution to Economic Growth Irrigation ensures food production continues, regardless of the season or climatic condition. This means there are continuous income and employment, thereby reducing poverty. The substantial increase in income achieved through irrigation means the economy can continue to thrive. This is also achieved by the export of food to other regions or countries. Disadvantage of irrigation From a negative perspective, irrigation increases the risk of contamination of ground and surface waters and could adversely impact upon landscape values. Negative impacts such as;- The overflowing irrigated water gives insects a place to make their habitat which is harmful to surroundings giving rise to various diseases. Irrigation causesincreases in water evaporation, impacting both surface air temperature and pressure as well as atmospheric moisture conditions. Types of irrigation methods can be classified in to four and their advantage and disadvantage is discussed as follow. Surface Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Drip or trickle Irrigation Subsurface Irrigation Surface irrigation system: Surface irrigation is one of the types of irrigation and to distribute water these types of irrigation rely on gravity flow and these types of irrigation are most commonly used to deliver water to the fields and well suited to mild or regular slopes. In soil with fine texture surface irrigation works best and it requires plenty of groundwater and adequate workforce since it operates without the use of advanced technology and under surface irrigation, there are several methods such as; Basin irrigation This is a type of surface irrigation in which the water crops of flat land called basins and it involves flooding a flat area with water and to avoid the flow of water to nearby fields the bunds help in this. This irrigation server crops such as rice that is in the flat areas. Furrow irrigation Furrow irrigation involves the HYPERLINK "https://www.civilclick.com/building-materials/" constructionof parallel channels which are called furrows and by gravity that allows the water to flow to the rest of the field. For row crops this method is suitable. Border irrigation Border irrigation waters land structured as long strips with bunds in separating these sloping strips and through siphons or gates water flows to these borders and this irrigation is used for large forms. Advantages of surface irrigation: There are some advantages of surface irrigation such as; It can be used in small pieces of land and does not require advanced machinery or technology thats why it is cost-effective. In soil, its minimum filtration rate makes leaching of salts. It is not affected by heavy rainfall and makes good use of rainwater. Disadvantages of surface irrigation: The following are some disadvantages of surface irrigation such as; Draining excess water from basins is difficult. Crops can be covered by water over long periods due to the soils texture and infiltration rate. Surface irrigation requires an only level and flat land. Sprinkler irrigation system By use of permanently or temporarily set tools sprinkler irrigation involves spraying crops with water and in this type, water is pumped through pipes and sprinkled to crops like raindrops. For both small and large farms sprinklers are effective and suitable for any slope. Sprinkler irrigations are also the most common types of irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation can irrigate any field crop and row crop and this irrigation are fit for most types of soil such as the soil with high infiltration and there are two main categories of sprinklers which are called spray sprinkler or rotor sprinkler. Like shower nozzle spray head sprinkles water and depending on the size and structure of the farm sprinkler nozzle have different patterns while rotor sprinklers consist of sprinklers that spin or rotate when watering the area and on the market rotor nozzles are the latest and most popular sprinklers. By the size of water droplets, the operating pressure and the nozzle also determined and large drops should be avoided as they can damage the crops. Advantages of sprinkler irrigation: There are the following advantages of sprinkler irrigation such as; For any slope this irrigation is convenient and land leaving is not necessary. To operation of sprinklers system are easy. Improves the quality and quantity of farm and conserves water. Disadvantages of sprinkler irrigation: There are also some disadvantages of sprinkler irrigation such as; This type of irrigation is expensive. By high temperatures and strong winds, water distribution is affected. Sprinkler irrigation consumes a lot of energy for the work. Drip irrigation system Drip irrigations are one of the types of irrigation, with small openings drip irrigation involves the use of the pipe and these small openings are called drippers and at a low rate of soil these drippers trickle water. The soils that closely surround a plant to keep it moist, this type of irrigation is used and is appropriate for row crops and trees where each dripper supplies water and crops reaches adequate water which is planted in lines along the pipes. Depending on the type of soil emitters it can be set up to drip water on different rates. Advantages of drip irrigation: There are following advantages of drip irrigation such as; Chances of weed growing are low and Water application efficiency is high. Drip irrigation boosts seed and yield germination. For fertilizer applications, it is very convenient. This irrigation saves water. Disadvantages of drip irrigation: Drip irrigation system set up is very expensive. Regular cleaning of the pipes is required since emitters are prone to blockage. In water management areas, it requires skilled persons. Subsurface irrigation system From below the ground, subsurface irrigation is done such as pipes placed beneath the soil surface supply water to the roots of plants, and depending on how deep the water table lies there are various methods used for this irrigation and this is one of the types of irrigation. In subsurface irrigation tillage methods are a significant factor and this irrigation is suitable for windy and dry areas and to avoid blockage in the pipes water should be filtered. On any farmable slope subsurface irrigation can be set up to water any crop and these types of irrigation are used mostly on high-value crops such as vegetables, etc. Advantages of subsurface irrigation: Through evaporation, it saves water and minimizes water loss. This irrigation allows crops to improve yield and grow uniformly. It is not labor-intensive. Disadvantages of subsurface irrigation: Maintaining and setting up this system is expensive. This irrigation system is easily damaged by cars, tractors, and machines. In the root of the pipe, hairs can block the drippers. 2.1. Identify irrigation method based on crop type and land use capability of the area. To choose an irrigation method, the farmer must know the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods. He or she must know which method suits the local conditions best. Unfortunately, in many cases there is no single best solution all methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Testing of the various methods - under the prevailing local conditions - provides the best basis for a sound choice of irrigation method. This chapter gives some very broad guidance and indicates several important criteria in the selection of a suitable irrigation method. Irrigation method selection based on type of crop and Type of crop. Surface irrigation can be used for all types of crops. Sprinkler and drip irrigation, because of their high capital investment per hectare, are mostly used for high value cash crops, such as vegetables and fruit trees. They are seldom used for the lower value staple crops. Drip irrigation is suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables and sugarcane. It is not suitable for close growing crops (e.g. rice). Drip irrigation is suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables and sugarcane. It is not suitable for close growing crops - costs and benefits. Land type. Flat lands, with a slope of 0.1% or less, are best suited for basin irrigation: little land leveling will be required. If the slope is more than 1%, terraces can be constructed. However, the amount of land leveling can be considerable. Furrow irrigation can be used on flat land (short, near horizontal furrows), and on mildly sloping land with a slope of maximum 0.5%. On steeper sloping land, contour furrows can be used up to a maximum land slope of 3%. A minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to assist drainage. Border irrigation can be used on sloping land up to 2% on sandy soil and 5% on clay soil. A minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to ensure adequate drainage. Surface irrigation may be difficult to use on irregular slopes as considerable land leveling may be required to achieve the required land gradients. All soil types, except coarse sand with an infiltration rate of more than 30 mm/hour, can be used for surface irrigation. If the infiltration rate is higher than 30 mm/hour, sprinkler or drip irrigation should be used. The natural conditions such as soil type, slope, climate, water quality and availability, have the following impact on the choice of an irrigation method. Table 2.1 Selection of irrigation methods based on soil, slope, climate, water quality and availability. Soil type:Sandy soils have a low water storage capacity and a high infiltration rate. They therefore need frequent but small irrigation applications, in particular when the sandy soil is also shallow. Under these circumstances, sprinkler or drip irrigation are more suitable than surface irrigation. On loam or clay soils all three irrigation methods can be used, but surface irrigation is more commonly found. Clay soils with low infiltration rates are ideally suited to surface irrigation.When a variety of different soil types is found within one irrigation scheme, sprinkler or drip irrigation are recommended as they will ensure a more even water distribution.Slope:Sprinkler or drip irrigation are preferred above surface irrigation on steeper or unevenly sloping lands as they require little or no land leveling. An exception is rice grown on terraces on sloping lands. Climate: Strong wind can disturb the spraying of water from sprinklers. Under very windy conditions, drip or surface irrigation methods are preferred. In areas of supplementary irrigation, sprinkler or drip irrigation may be more suitable than surface irrigation because of their flexibility and adaptability to varying irrigation demands on the farm. Water availability:Water application efficiency is generally higher with sprinkler and drip irrigation than surface irrigation and so these methods are preferred when water is in short supply. However, it must be remembered that efficiency is just as much a function of the irrigator as the method used. Water quality:Surface irrigation is preferred if the irrigation water contains much sediment. The sediments may clog the drip or sprinkler irrigation systems.If the irrigation water contains dissolved salts, drip irrigation is particularly suitable, as less water is applied to the soil than with surface methods.Sprinkler systems are more efficient than surface irrigation methods in leaching out salts. 2.2. Select Irrigation method based on water source potential. Selecting particular type of Irrigation method depends on source of water potential availability. In each irrigation area there is a demand for water and a supply of water. The demand for water varies over time and depends on the types of crops, crop growth To select an HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/irrigation-method" \o "Learn more about Irrigation Method from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" irrigation method, either as a new practice or be introduced under already existing conditions, a series of technical and economic aspects should be considered. The selection is commonly influenced by water availability, soil type, topography, climate, crop or HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/orchards" \o "Learn more about Orchards from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" orchardtype, labor availability and type, energy, and the relative cost of each resource . Surface or gravity-fed irrigation is type of irrigation ,where a river water stream is diverted to the irrigation field with gravity system, is good for salinity control when using HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/saline-water" \o "Learn more about saline waters from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" saline watersand land is leveled. However, aeration and crusting problems are sometimes observed. Water application in furrows can minimize these problems, but salts tend to accumulate in the beds. If excess salt does accumulate, it is advised to follow with HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/sprinklers" \o "Learn more about sprinkler from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" sprinklerand HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/surface-irrigation" \o "Learn more about surface irrigation from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" surface irrigationperiodically for controlling excess salt within plant HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere" \o "Learn more about root zone from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" root zone. High-frequency irrigation is required to mitigate the adverse impact of salt present in the root zone, which can be achieved by using the drip irrigation method. sprinkler and drip irrigation methods both are preferred over surface irrigation methods in saline water source environments due to their controlled nature of water application, which allows frequent irrigation with small quantities of HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/saline-water" \o "Learn more about saline water from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" saline waterthat leads to lower salt buildup in the zone and better crop performance. These irrigation methods are mostly applied on areas with low water resource potentiality or in water deficit areas. The source of water availability can be ground water resource. However, the drip system is most suitable, but its high initial cost is a major limiting factor that limits its use to only high value and widely spaced crops. Thus, the choice of HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/irrigation-system" \o "Learn more about irrigation system from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" irrigation systemdoes not depend only on system performance, but also on economics and water resource availability. While transporting irrigation water from the water source and applying it to the plant roots, a portion of the water is lost through evaporation, leakage from the canals and percolation below the roots of the crop. The scheme's gross irrigation need,SIN grossincludes these water losses. To express the percentage of irrigation water that is used efficiently and what percentage is lost, the termirrigation efficiencyis used. The supply of water to the irrigation system,SWS, should be almost if not equal to the demand for water,SIN gross, which is the total of the irrigation need for all fields plus the water loss during transport and distribution. Extension agents and field technicians need to be able to advise farmers on how to handle existing as well as anticipate future problems of water shortage. Problems may arise when an irrigation area is extended, or when new crops are introduced. The technician therefore needs to have an understanding of water shortage problems together with a knowledge of the correct approach, albeit simplified, to matching the supply with the demand for water. The water needed to supply an irrigation scheme is taken from a water source. The most common sources of water for irrigation include rivers, reservoirs and lakes, and groundwater. The possibility of supplying as much water to the irrigation area as is needed during each period of the irrigation season depends primarily on the availability of the water at its source. Availability may vary a lot over the year, or even between one year and another. Secondly, the supply depends on the capacity of the facility installed to withdraw the water from the water source. Further, technicians should be aware that water must be available during each week or month of the growing season. This is illustrated with an example. 2.3. Determine land gradient of the command area using contour map. Contour map: Shows set of contour line drawn on a map representing an imaginary line on the ground along which all points are at the same elevation. Characteristics of contour lines indicate a vertical distance above or below a datum plane. The vertical distance between adjacent contour lines is known as the contour interval, and the amount of the contour interval is given in the marginal information. Starting as sea level, the zero contours, and each contour line represents an elevation above sea level. On most maps the contour lines indicate the nature of the slope. Types of contour lines a. Index Contour Line. Starting at zero elevation, every fifth contour line is drawn with a heavier line. These are known as index contours. Along each index contour the line is broken and its elevation is given. b. Intermediate Contour Line. The contour lines falling between index contours are called intermediate contours. They are drawn with a finer line than the index contours and do not have elevations given. c. Supplementary Contour Line. A third type of contour line that is not often used is the supplementary contour line. This line is depicted as a dashed line and is used to indicate a minimal change in elevation or terrain between two intermediate contour lines. Using the contour lines on a map, the elevation of any point may be determined by: Finding the contour lines on a map from the marginal information, and noting both the amount and the unit of measure. finding the numbered contour line nearest the point for which the elevation is being sought. determining the direction of the slope from the numbered contour lines index contour to the desired point. counting the number of contour lines that must be crossed to go from the numbered index contour line to the desired point and noting the direction up or down. The number of lines crossed, multiplied by the contour interval is the distance above or below the starting value. To estimate the elevation to the top of an unmarked hill, add half the contour interval to the elevation of the higher contour line around the hill. To estimate the elevation of the bottom at a depression, subtract half the contour interval from the value of the lowest contour line around the depression. The spacing of the contour lines indicates the nature of the slopes. Slopes can be classified as follows;- steep slope: Contour lines evenly spaced and close together indicate a uniform steep slope. The closer the contour lines are to each other the steeper the slope.  Figure 2.1: Steep slope Uniform gentle slopes: Contour lines evenly spaced and wide apart indicate a uniform gentle slope.  Figure 2.2 : Gentle slope Convex slope: Contour lines widely spaced at the top and closely spaced at the bottom. An observer at the top of a convex slope cannot observe most of the slope, or the terrain at the bottom. The further up the slope, the easier it is to climb.  Figure 2.3: Convex slope Concave slope. Contour lines are closely spaced at top and widely spaced at bottom. An observer at the top of the concave slope can observe the entire slope and the terrain at the bottom. The further up the slope, the more difficult it is to climb.  Figure 2.4: Concave slope Depression: A low point or sinkhole surrounded on all sides by higher ground. Tick marks are used in conjunction with contours to show the lower elevation of a depression. One additional contour with tick marks will be used for each depth equal to the contour interval of the map. Estimating Slope Slope is used by the operations section in several different ways: to estimate the amount of time it takes to construct a fire line; to determine whether or not a dozer, engine, or hand crew can work in a specific area; to calculate pump pressure needed to reach a location; and to calculate fire behavior characteristics, such as rate of spread. On incidents, slope is the degree of inclination or steepness and it is usually expressed in percent. A one percent slope indicates a rise or drop of one unit over a distance of 100 horizontal units. For example, a one percent slope rise would indicate a one foot rise over a 100 foot horizontal distance. Slope can be calculated using a topographic map or it can be determined in the field with a clinometers. To calculate slope using a topographic map, you will need to determine the following: Vertical Distance (also referred to as Rise) This is the difference in elevation between two points; it is calculated by subtracting the elevation of one point from the elevation of the other point. Horizontal Distance (also referred to as Run) This is the distance from one point to the other and is calculated by measuring distance with a ruler and applying the map scale. For example, if the map scale is 1:24,000 and the distance between the two points when measured with a ruler is inch, the horizontal distance would be 12,000 inches or 1,000 feet. Slope can then be calculated using the slope formula:   Example on how to calculate percentage of slope using contour map ,Slope may be expressed in several ways, but all depend upon the comparison of vertical distance (VD) to horizontal distance (HD).  Figure 2.5 Slope diagram. Before we can determine the percentage of a slope, we must know the VD of the slope. The VD is determined by subtracting the lowest point of the slope from the highest point. Use the contour lines to determine the highest and lowest point of the slope  Figure 2.5: Contour line around a slope. B. To determine the percentage of the slope between points (a) and (b) in Figure 2.5, determine the elevation of point (b) (590 meters). Then determine the elevation of point (a) (380 meters). Determine the vertical distance between the two points by subtracting the elevation of point (a) from the elevation of point .The difference (210 meters) is the VD between points (a) and (b). Then measure the HD between the two points on the map in Figure 2.6.  Figure 2.6 Measuring horizontal distance. After the horizontal distance has been determined, compute the percentage of the slope by using the formula shown in Figure 2.7.  Figure 2.7 Percentage of slope in meters. 2.4. Compare chosen method with indigenous method in light of productivity In the traditional irrigation methods, there was no source to easily water the crops and required to dig up well which was also a difficult task. The artificial water tanks were not helpful either due to their location. The advantage of the traditional irrigation method is that it wascost-effective and easy. Surface vs. Pressurized Systems Compared to pressurized systems (sprinkler and drip), surface irrigation systems require smaller capital investment. The main capital expense is the cost of land grading, which is required in order to achieve a uniform distribution of water across the field. The maintenance costs are also usually less, as structures for control and for regulating water flow are made with inexpensive and readily-available material (plastic sheet, wood, brick, etc.). Another advantage of surface irrigation systems is that they are less sensitive to weather variables and water quality. For example, the efficiency of water application in sprinkler systems diminishes quickly under high wind conditions. Or in drip systems, low quality of irrigation water can result in emitter clogging and poor distribution uniformity. A disadvantage of surface systems is the complexity of designing their components to achieve efficient water application. This is mainly due to the high variability of soil properties, which serves as the conduit for water transfer across the field. Another disadvantage is the high cost of labor required to operate the system. In addition to the starting and stopping of the flow done manually water advancement in the field needs to be closely monitored. Finally, surface systems are usually less efficient. Surface irrigation systems are believed to have low efficiencies, averaging about 60 percent. This means that only 60 percent of the delivered water is stored in the top layer of the soil, where crop roots can extract it for beneficial use. The remaining 40 percent escapes the field through deep percolation below the root zone or through surface runoff at the tail end of the field. However, the efficiency can be increased significantly by implementing a precise land grading, regulating the inflow, optimizing irrigation timing, and reuse of surface runoff. For example, efficiencies as high as 92 percent were reported for furrow irrigation systems in a cotton production area in eastern Australia (average furrow length of 2,300 feet and spacing of 40 inches). Higher efficiency rates will not only help producers to save on labor and conveyance costs, but will also reduce the load of salts, sediments, and nutrients leaving the field.Although improving irrigation efficiency has several benefits, it should be noted that the lost portion of water at one field is usually a source of water for another user somewhere downstream. As a result, increasing efficiency by reducing return flows (deep percolation and surface runoff) may negatively affect downstream users. That is why capturing surface runoff and reusing it at the same field is not allowed by the water law in several western States. Table. 2.2 Comparison of traditional methods with modern methods. Traditional methodsModern methods1. It takes more time to get the work done1. It takes less time to get the work done.2. More manual work is required2. Less manual work is required3. Less expensive3. More expensive4. Water is wasted4. Water is conserved by use of better methods of irrigation  Self-Check 2Written test  Name ID Date. Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Test I: Short Answer Questions 1.Write the way of collecting soil data on several levels? 2.Identify disadvantage and advantage of irrigation works. 3. Write and explain types of contour lines? 4. compare traditional irrigation method with modern irrigation methods. 5. Discuss types of irrigation methods. Test I: Multiple choice 1.Which one of irrigation method is applied in water deficit area? A. Sub surface irrigation method . B. Surface irrigation C. Drip irrigation method D. All 2. Which one of the following have high water application efficiency ? A. Surface irrigation B. Drip irrigation C. Sprinkler irrigation D. Flooding irrigation E. B&C 3. Which one of the following is negative impact of irrigation work? A. alteration of the natural conditions of the landscape B. Increased agricultural production C. Reduce erosion risk. D. All 4. One of the following affects irrigation method selection. A. Climate B. Water availability C. Crop type D. Profession E. all except D 5. Which one of the following is sources of environmental impact. A. Workman Safety B.Construction of irrigation projects, C. Water supply and operation of irrigation projects D. Irrigated agriculture management practices. E. All except A You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Operation Sheet -22.1 Read topographic map A. Materials, Tools and equipments used:- Paper (A4,A3) Ruler Pencil Topographic map Drawing materials B.Procedure: - The following procedures should be taken into account to Carrying out how to read a topographic map. 1. Understand the contour lines 2. Identify the land features represented on topo map 3. Determine what the color represents 4. Understand the scale of the map 5. Find true northing 6. Differentiate legends LAP TEST-2Performance Test Name. ID.. Date. Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________ Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the following tasks within 1 hour. The project is expected from each student to do it. Task-1 Perform Reading of topographic maps Reference MaterialsBooks: D. Lenka, 3rd revised edition, 2005. Irrigation and drainage Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Water Management. Published on February, 2005 Irrigation vs. Rain-Fed Agriculture. (2016).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from HYPERLINK "https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/agricultural/types.html" \t "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/_self" https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/agricultural/types.html S.K Garg, 19th revised edition, 2005. Irrigation engineering and hydraulic structures Santosh Kumar garg,Irrigation engineering and hydraulic Structures, Naraina, Delhi, 2005 Vander leeden.F,water Resources of the world, water information center, port Washington, N.Y, USA, 1975. Web addresses  HYPERLINK "https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/farm-basics/how-to-crop/main-types-irrigation/" \t "https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/_self" https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/farm-basics/how-to-crop/main-types-irrigation/accessed date August,28,2022 https://www.waternsw.com.au : accessed date August,26,2022.  HYPERLINK "https://www.fao.org , chapter 6 - drainage - fao.org accessed date August,26,2022. " https://www.fao.org , chapter 6 - drainage - fao.org accessed date August,26,2022. AKNOWLEDGEMENT Ministry of Labor and Skills wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many representatives of ATVET instructors and respective industry experts who donated their time and expertise to the development of this Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM). The experts who developed the learning guide No Name QualificationOrganization/ CollegeMobile numberE-mail1Serawit Gensa Msc. Water Resource EngineeringW/Sodo AVET 0916740916HYPERLINK "mailto:serawitgen@gmail.com"serawitgen@gmail.com 2Edao HassenMsc.Irrigation Engineering Alage AVET 0911098097HYPERLINK "mailto:hassedao@gmail.com"hassedao@gmail.com 3Mekete AgizewMsc. Water Resource EngineeringAmhara. Kombolcha ATVET 0925221192HYPERLINK "mailto:gen.mam09@gmail.com"gen.mam09@gmail.com4Wondu AlemayehuMsc.Irrigation EngineeringOromia Kombolcha ATVET0910-28-99-61HYPERLINK "mailto:woldualem@gmail.com"woldualem@gmail.com 5Ademe AyalewMsc.Irrigation EngineeringAgrafa AVET 0912720547 HYPERLINK "mailto:Ademe2004@gmail.com"Ademe2004@gmail.com6Said MohammedMsc.Irrigation& drainage EngineeringAlage ATVET 09-17-18-01-81HYPERLINK "mailto:Siyamsdmhmmd@gmail.com/"Siyamsdmhmmd@gmail.com/7Molalign AsfawBsc.Water Resource &Irrigation Engineering Alage ATVET 0921431096HYPERLINK "mailto:Mollalign410ass@gmail.com"Mollalign410ass@gmail.com 8Yonas HailuBsc.Water Resource &Irrigation Engineering Agrafa AVET 0934715578 HYPERLINK "mailto:yonashailuw@gmail.com"yonashailuw@gmail.com9Lemessa MulataMsc.Irrigation EngineeringAgrafa AVET 0913266845HYPERLINK "mailto:Lamimulle2022@gmail.com"Lamimulle2022@gmail.com10Misganew YimerBsc. Soil and Water EngineeringWoreta ATVET HYPERLINK "mailto:Misge1976@gmail.com"Misge1976@gmail.com 11Daniel Derese Bsc. Soil and Water EngineeringW/sodo AVET 0912-79-28-85HYPERLINK "mailto:danielderesse7@gmail.com"danielderesse7@gmail.com12Teshome GetachewMsc.Irrigation & drainage EngineeringAlage ATVET 0925-50-13-99HYPERLINK "mailto:teshomegetachew131@yahoo.com"teshomegetachew131@yahoo.com      Page  PAGE 1 of  NUMPAGES 55 Ministry of Labor and Skills Author/CopyrightIrrigation Methods Selection Level -2Version -1August, 2022   PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 1 Page  PAGE 1 of  NUMPAGES 55 Ministry of Labor and Skills Author/CopyrightIrrigation Methods Selection Level -2Version -1August, 2022 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 1    Note: Satisfactory rating - 5 points Unsatisfactory - below 5 points $%,-.<EJMOPQRZbí֛ֈu֛֛_@<jhy\hA5B*CJ(U\aJ(mH nHphsH tH+hsdhA5B*CJ(\aJ(mH phsH %hxT5B*CJ(\aJ(mH phsH %hsd5B*CJ(\aJ(mH phsH #hy\hA5B*CJ(\aJ(ph+hy\h2(5B*CJ(\aJ(mH phsH %h2(5B*CJ(\aJ(mH phsH +hy\hA5B*CJ(\aJ(mH phsH %h,Ct5B*CJ(\aJ(mH phsH .Qz{|1 w 9 : :  $da$gdxT$a$gd4T $dha$gd4T $dha$gd=gdxTbdz|ʼʘygQ;%+hy\h^5B*CJ(\aJ(mH phsH 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